Mungkin anda sering mendengar istilah TOEFL tahukah anda apa pengertiannya? Inilah dia penjelasan dan pengertian TOEFL:
Test of English as a Foreign Language disingkat TOEFL adalah ujian kemampuan berbahasa Inggris (logat Amerika) yang diperlukan untuk mendaftar masuk ke kolese (college) atau universitas di Amerika Serikat atau negara-negara lain di dunia. Ujian ini sangat diperlukan bagi pendaftar atau pembicara yang bahasa ibunya bukan bahasa Inggris. Ujian TOEFL ini diselenggarakan oleh kantor ETS (Educational Testing Service) di Amerika Serikat untuk semua peserta tes di seluruh dunia.
Jenis tes bahasa Inggris TOEFL ini pada umumnya diperlukan untuk persyaratan masuk kuliah pada hampir semua universitas di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada baik untuk program undergraduate (S-1) maupun graduate (S-2 atau S-3). Hasil tes TOEFL ini juga dipakai sebagai bahan pertimbangan mengenai kemampuan bahasa Inggris dari calon mahasiswa yang mendaftar ke universitas di negara lain, termasuk universitas di Eropa dan Australia. Secara umum, tes TOEFL lebih berorientasi kepada American English, dan sedikit berbeda dengan jenis tes IELTS yang berorientasi kepada British English. Tidak seperti tes IELTS, tes TOEFL ini pada umumnya tidak mempunyai bagian individual interview test.
Biasanya tes ini memakan waktu sekitar tiga jam dan diselenggarakan dalam 4 bagian, yaitu bagian:
* listening comprehension,
* grammar structure and written expression,
* reading comprehension, dan bagian
* writing.
Nilai hasil ujian TOEFL berkisar antara: 310 (nilai minimum) sampai 677 (nilai maximum) untuk versi PBT (paper-based test).
Sejak tahun 1998, tes TOEFL ini diadakan secara online dengan menggunakan komputer (Computer-based Testing/CBT), dan sejak tahun 2005 disebut iBT (Internet-based Test). Di tempat-tempat yang belum bisa melaksanakan CBT atau iBT (karena belum ada fasilitas komputer dan jaringan internetnya), ujian TOEFL ini masih tetap diadakan secara manual menggunakan kertas dan potlot (paper-based test atau PBT). Informasi lebih lengkap tentang tes CBT dan paper-based TOEFL berkaitan dengan pendaftaran, lokasi penyelenggaraan, biaya, dan bahan-bahan persiapan tes dapat dilihat di situs resmi TOEFL, http://www.toefl.org (hasil ujian TOEFL versi CBT mempunyai nilai berkisar antara 0 sampai 300, sementara nilai untuk iBT adalah dari 0 sampai 120) [1].
Akhir-akhir ini penyelenggara tes TOEFL juga mengadakan jenis tes TWE (Test of Written English) yang hasil nilainya terpisah dari nilai tes TOEFL. Tes ini memakan waktu selama 30 menit, dan peserta akan diminta untuk menuliskan karangan singkat yang menggambarkan mengenai kemampuan peserta untuk mengekspresikan dan menuangkan suatu gagasan atau ide, serta mendukung gagasan itu dengan contoh-contoh yang terdapat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dengan menggunakan bahasa Inggris yang standar.
Jenis tes TOEFL yang lain adalah TSEP (Test of Spoken English Program) yang mirip dengan bagian individual interview pada tes IELTS. Tes ini biasanya dipakai kalau kita ingin mendaftar sebagai asisten dosen atau asisten laboratorium (sebagai salah satu cara untuk meringankan biaya kuliah) di universias di AS (atau negara lain). Bentuk tesnya diadakan secara lisan dan berlangsung selama kurang lebih 20 menit. Waktu penyelenggaraan dan batas akhir pendaftarannya sama dengan tes TOEFL yang lain, dan biayanya kira-kira sebesar US$100.
Rabu, 16 Maret 2011
Senin, 03 Januari 2011
Complain Letter
Complaint Letters
Complaint letters are an effective way of expressing the customer’s/consumer’s dissatisfaction with a product or service. They are better than a verbal complaint as the written word always yields more power than a verbal one. Here are a few tips to help you write an effective Complaint letter:
One of the most important things while writing a complaint letter is that it should reach the right department and the right person. Generally such information is available either on the product itself or the receipt of purchase.
Keep the letters short and simple while stating all the facts clearly. Include the name of the product, the receipt number, the date and place of purchase. It is also important to clearly state why you are not happy with that particular product/service. Be specific while stating the problem and avoid sweeping statements or ambiguity.
The tone of the letter should be polite but firm. It is best to avoid rude and sarcastic statements as these would not get you anywhere. It is best to take a formal and objective approach in the letter rather than play on the emotional quotient.
You can mention how you wish the problem to be rectified. It may be in the form of a refund or a replacement or any other method which you think is most suitable. At this point, it is also good give a time-frame within which you expect the problem to be solved. Be reasonable while setting the time-frame.
If possible, you can include a couple of positive points of the other party, as this would help you to get a better response. It is a good idea to include phrases like “Probably, this is a rare case where you have erred…” or “It is the first time in all the years that I have used your service/product that I have a problem…” Such statements are likely to make a positive impact on the person reading your letter and you can expect a quick reply.
While writing a complaint letter it is important to mention the documents you are including to substantiate your complaint. Just remember to include only copies of the original receipts or any other relevant documents.
Do not forget to include your contact information.
65 Market Street
Val Haven, CT 95135
June 30, 2004
Customer Service
Cool Sports, LLC
8423 Green Terrace Road
Asterville, WA 65435
Dear Sir or Madam:
I have recently ordered a new pair of soccer cleats (item #6542951) from your website on June 21. I received the order on June 26. Unfortunately, when I opened it I saw that the cleats were used. The cleats had dirt all over it and there was a small tear in front of the part where the left toe would go. My order number is AF26168156.
To resolve the problem, I would like you to credit my account for the amount charged for my cleats, I have already went out and bought a new pair of cleats at my local sporting goods store so sending another would result in me having two pairs of the same cleats.
Than you for taking the time to read this letter. I have been a satisfied customer of your company for many years and this is the first time I have encountered a problem. If you need to contact me, you can reach me at (555) 555-5555.
Sincerely,
Signature
Ken Thomas
Complaint letters are an effective way of expressing the customer’s/consumer’s dissatisfaction with a product or service. They are better than a verbal complaint as the written word always yields more power than a verbal one. Here are a few tips to help you write an effective Complaint letter:
One of the most important things while writing a complaint letter is that it should reach the right department and the right person. Generally such information is available either on the product itself or the receipt of purchase.
Keep the letters short and simple while stating all the facts clearly. Include the name of the product, the receipt number, the date and place of purchase. It is also important to clearly state why you are not happy with that particular product/service. Be specific while stating the problem and avoid sweeping statements or ambiguity.
The tone of the letter should be polite but firm. It is best to avoid rude and sarcastic statements as these would not get you anywhere. It is best to take a formal and objective approach in the letter rather than play on the emotional quotient.
You can mention how you wish the problem to be rectified. It may be in the form of a refund or a replacement or any other method which you think is most suitable. At this point, it is also good give a time-frame within which you expect the problem to be solved. Be reasonable while setting the time-frame.
If possible, you can include a couple of positive points of the other party, as this would help you to get a better response. It is a good idea to include phrases like “Probably, this is a rare case where you have erred…” or “It is the first time in all the years that I have used your service/product that I have a problem…” Such statements are likely to make a positive impact on the person reading your letter and you can expect a quick reply.
While writing a complaint letter it is important to mention the documents you are including to substantiate your complaint. Just remember to include only copies of the original receipts or any other relevant documents.
Do not forget to include your contact information.
65 Market Street
Val Haven, CT 95135
June 30, 2004
Customer Service
Cool Sports, LLC
8423 Green Terrace Road
Asterville, WA 65435
Dear Sir or Madam:
I have recently ordered a new pair of soccer cleats (item #6542951) from your website on June 21. I received the order on June 26. Unfortunately, when I opened it I saw that the cleats were used. The cleats had dirt all over it and there was a small tear in front of the part where the left toe would go. My order number is AF26168156.
To resolve the problem, I would like you to credit my account for the amount charged for my cleats, I have already went out and bought a new pair of cleats at my local sporting goods store so sending another would result in me having two pairs of the same cleats.
Than you for taking the time to read this letter. I have been a satisfied customer of your company for many years and this is the first time I have encountered a problem. If you need to contact me, you can reach me at (555) 555-5555.
Sincerely,
Signature
Ken Thomas
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